The use of plants to connect with the Divine for enlightenment purpose is known as the Entheogenic Religion. The Entheogenic Religion is one of the world’s oldest forms of religion and spirituality dating back more than 8 thousand years. It spans the globe and exists in every part of the world. It is the focal point of many major and minority religions. Many religions and forms of spirituality use plants to connect with the Divine.
The Church of Cognitive Therapy is a multi-denominational church of entheogenic practitioners. We adhere to the entheogenic religion. It is no different than being a Christian and attending a multi-denominational Christian church. We believe in the Sacred Unity of all human beings. The Church of Cognitive Therapy recognizes the religious and spiritual use of cannabis as an entheogenic sacrament to connect with the Divine for the purpose of enlightenment. The church’s primary western influences are Native American Spirituality, Gnostic Christian, and Rastafari Christian. The church’s primary eastern influences are Hindu and Buddhist. The church’s main goal is our spiritual quest for enlightenment through spiritual cognitive therapy, holistic healing, shamanism, entheogenic religious use of sacrament, and social practices.
Church of Cognitive Therapy is a spiritually oriented church. We are not here to pervert or commit blasphemies to any sort of doctrines or dogmas, but to use all available documented resources to help us establish a spiritual connection to the Divine, ourselves, and the universe we live in. Establishing a spiritual connection to the Divine is our first step towards enlightenment.
The Church of Cognitive Therapy is a Spiritual Avenue through which the sick (mentally, physically, and spiritually), the addicted, and the afflicted can find refuge. Holistic healing methods and cannabis as a positive spiritual enhancer work symbiotically together to produce a spiritual foundation. Before we can begin to break down the walls of cognitive distortion (lies, misguided information) and the fears associated with it, we must back ourselves through our afflictions and establish a spiritually firm foundation in our core beliefs.
Entheogenic plants have been spiritual teachers throughout mankind’s existence on this planet. Many religions and forms of spirituality were and are directly related to the spiritual use of Entheogenic plants.
Entheogen, noun
En = Within, Inner
Theo = Divine, God
Gen = Becoming, Creating
Entheogenic “The term means literally 'becoming divine within', and can be seen as the user realizing that the divine infuses all of the creation, or specifically that the entheogenic plant is itself infused with the divine. It is not a theological term, makes no reference to any deity,”
Nature of Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy is a treatment process that helps people correct false self-beliefs that lead to certain moods and behaviors. The fundamental principle behind cognitive therapy is that a thought precedes a mood, and that both are interrelated with a person's environment, physical reaction, and subsequent behavior. Therefore, changing a thought that arises in a given situation will change mood, behavior, and physical reaction. Although it is unclear who benefits most from cognitive therapy, motivated people who have an internal focus of control and the capacity for introspection likely would benefit most.
During cognitive therapy, the therapist helps the person work through several steps. First, the person accepts that some of his or her perceptions and interpretations of reality may be false (because of past experience or hereditary or biological reasons) and that these interpretations lead to negative thoughts. Next, the person learns to recognize the negative (surface or "automatic") thoughts and discovers alternative thoughts that reflect reality more closely. The person then decides internally whether the evidence supports the negative thought or the alternative thought. Ideally, the person will recognize distorted thinking and "reframe" the situation. As cognitive therapy progresses, it focuses more on reframing deeply held or "core" beliefs about self and the world.
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Cannabis is a spiritual comforter that, when used in a positive way, will yield positive results.
Cannabis
Cannabis is leading the way for a more holistic type of medical care, a general revolt against corporate rationed care and traditional pharmaceutical company approaches to medicine. Patients use marijuana to get off toxic drugs. They find fellowship in compassion clubs. They find empowerment in fighting against prohibition, standing up to police and demagogues. Our opponents can threaten our freedom, but they can't kill our spirit.
Tod Mikuriya, 2001 --as quoted by Pete Brady
“In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.”
The mistranslation of cannabis to calamus in the Bible has been found by many scholars. Here are three separate sources listed below:
King James Bible: 2 Corinthians 13:1
This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.
Aramaic Bible: 2 Corinthians 13:1
This is the third time I am ready to come to you, for by the mouth of two or three witnesses every charge is sustained.
THE ROOTS OF KANEH-BOSM
Witness #1
The first solid evidence of the Hebrew use of cannabis was established in 1936 by Sula Benet, a little known Polish etymologist from the Institute of Anthropological Sciences in Warsaw.
The word cannabis was generally thought to be of Scythian origin, but Benet showed that it has a much earlier origin in Semitic languages like Hebrew, and that it appears several times throughout the Old Testament. Benet explained that "in the original Hebrew text of the Old Testament there are references to hemp, both as incense, which was an integral part of religious celebration, and as an intoxicant."
Benet demonstrated that the word for cannabis is kaneh-bosm, also rendered in traditional Hebrew as kaneh or kannabus. The root kan in this construction means "reed" or "hemp", while bosm means "aromatic". This word appears five times in the Old Testament; in the books of Exodus, the Song of Songs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel.
The word kaneh-bosm has been mistranslated as calamus, a common marsh plant with little monetary value that does not have the qualities or value ascribed to kaneh-bosm. The error occurred in the oldest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, the Septuagint in the third century BC, and was repeated in the many translations that followed.
-KANEH BOSM THE HIDDEN STORY OF CANNABIS IN THE OLD
TESTAMENT-
By Chris Bennet
Witness #2
In my opinion, we now have THE definitive translation for kaneh bosm in the recipe of the holy anointing oil of Moses in Exodus 30:23.
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (1859-1922) is credited almost single-handedly with reviving the Hebrew language in the last century, and with being THE highest authority on virtually all matters of translation, etc. He even started the Academy of the Hebrew Language which still exists today and has "binding authority" on the Israeli government in matters of the Hebrew language.
In the 1964 Ben-Yehuda Hebrew-English / English-Hebrew dictionary it says that kaneh bosm is cannabis hemp, page 140.
If Ben-Yehuda's dictionary says kaneh bosm is cannabis hemp, then we have the final authority on the Hebrew language confirming for us and for all of humankind, the blessing of cannabis spirituality in written history.
Muslims, Hebrews and Christians all regard the first five books of the Bible with respect. The part that the holy anointing oil played in the ancient times is enormous, especially considering that the very word, 'Christ' means literally, 'anointed'.
The holy anointing oil of Moses included cannabis and was an 'active' sacrament imparting a true religious experience on the receiver. Now we know, 2 - 4, 000 years later.
How long has there been a placebo holy oil on the altar of religions? I truly want to know. Do you?
This is a time of great definition. A time of revealing the truth. The truth of cannabis in ancient times is more certain by the day. Hallelujah!
And the certainty of us winning all cases that come against us has just become even more clear.
All the very best to you,
love, Roger ,Hawaii Cannabis Ministry
Witness #3
Ancient Hebraic use
According to Aryeh Kaplan
Aryeh Kaplan
Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan was a noted United States Orthodox Judaism rabbi and author with a background in both physics and Judaism. He was lauded as an original thinker and prolific writer, from studies of the Torah, Talmud and Kabbalah to introductory pamphlets on Jewish beliefs and Jewish philosophy aimed at non-religious and Baal teshuva Jews...., cannabis was an ingredient in the Holy anointing oil.
Holy anointing oil
The Holy anointing oil described in Exodus was created from:* 500 shekels of myrrh, according to the Ra'avad. Maimonides translates this substance as musk.... mentioned in various sacred Hebrew.
Hebrew language
Hebrew is a Semitic languages of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Modern Hebrew is spoken by more than seven million people in Israel and Classical Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jews communities around the world....
texts. The herb of interest is most commonly known as kaneh-bosem (?????-??????; the singular form of which would be kaneh-bos) which is mentioned several times in the Old Testament.
Old Testament
In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....as a bartering material, incense, and an ingredient in Holy anointing oil.
Holy anointing oil
The Holy anointing oil described in Exodus was created from:* 500 shekels of myrrh, according to the Ra'avad. Maimonides translates this substance as musk....
used by the high priest of the temple.
Septuagint
The Septuagint , or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd century BC and 1st century BC in Alexandria....(300AD) translates kaneh-bosem as calamus.
Sweet Flag
Sweet Flag, also known as calamus is a plant from the Acoraceae family, Acorus genus. It is a tall perennial plant wetland monocot with scented leaves and rhizomes which have been used medicinally, for its odor, and as a Psychoactive drug...., and this translation has been propagated unchanged to most later translations of the Torah (1500BC+).
The eminent scholar of Gnosticism, Elaine Pagels, comments in exegesis, "to know oneself, at the deepest level, is simultaneously to know God: this is the secret of gnosis.... Self-knowledge is knowledge of God; the self and the divine are identical."
All religions must be tolerated... for every man must get to heaven in his own way.
Epictetus
No man is free who is not master of himself.
Epictetus
Spiritual use of cannabis
The cannabis plant has an ancient history of ritual usage as an aid to trance and has been traditionally used in a religious context throughout the old world. Herodotus wrote about early ceremonial practices by the Scythians, [Herodutus The Histories, 4.75] which are thought to have occurred from the 5th to 2nd century BC. In India, it has been engaged by sadhus for centuries, and in modern times the Rastafari movement has embraced it. Etymologist Sula Benet hypothesizes that holy anointing oil used by the Jews might have contained cannabis extracts. Christians may have also used cannabis oil for medicinal use. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/jan/06/science.religion] Some Muslims of the Sufi order have used cannabis as a tool for spiritual exploration.
Ancient Pagan use
In ancient Germanic culture, cannabis was associated with the Norse love goddess, Freya. The harvesting of the plant was connected with an erotic high festival. It was believed that Freya lived as a fertile force in the plant's feminine flowers and by ingesting them one became influenced by this divine force (Rätsch 2003). The Celts may have also used cannabis, as evidence of hashish traces were found in Hallstatt, birthplace of Celtic culture.
Hindu use
Cannabis was used in Hindu culture as early as 1500 B.C., and its ancient use is confirmed within the Vedas (Sama Veda Rig Veda and Atharva Veda). [ [http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/history/first12000/1.htm Marijuana - The First Twelve Thousand Years. Ch. 1. Cannabis in the Ancient World - India: The First Marijuana-Oriented Culture] ]
During the Hindu festival of Holi, people consume a drink called bhang which contains cannabis flowers. [ [http://www.skunked.co.uk/articles/history-intoxicant.htm The History of the Intoxicant Use of Marijuana ] ] [ [http://www.ukcia.org/research/indian/chapt9.htm Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report - Social and Religious Customs ] ]
Charas, is smoked by some Shaivite devotees and cannabis itself is seen as a gift ("prasad" or offering, not a poison like ethyl-alcohol) of Shiva to aid in sadhana [ [http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v07.n1277.a01.html Starting The Day With The Cup That Kicks, Hindustan Times; 4 Nov 2007] ] . Some of the wandering ascetics in India known as sadhus smoke charas out of a clay chillum.
The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report"Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893-94. Simla, India: Government Central Printing House, 1894, 7 vols., [http://www.druglibrary.net/schaffer/Library/studies/inhemp/4chapt9.htm CHAPTER IX, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS] "] describes some traditional Hindu spiritual uses of cannabis.
Connection of ganja with the worship of Shiva. Worship of the hemp plant. Hindu and Buddhist use
Sadhu offering charas to Shiva.
Cannabis was used in Hindu culture as early as 1500 BCE, and its ancient use is confirmed within the Vedas (Sama Veda, Rig Veda, and Atharva Veda).[16][17]
Cannabis or ganja is associated with worship of the Hindu god Shiva, who is popularly believed to like the hemp plant. Ganja is offered to Shiva images, especially on Shivratri festival. This practice is particularly witnessed at temples of Benares, Baidynath and Tarakeswar.[18]
Ganja is not only offered to the god, but also consumed by Shaivite (sect of Shiva) yogis. Charas is smoked by some Shaivite devotees and cannabis itself is seen as a gift ("prasad," or offering) to Shiva to aid in sadhana.[19] Some of the wandering ascetics in India known as sadhus smoke charas out of a clay chillum.
During the Hindu festival of Holi, people consume a drink called bhang which contains cannabis flowers.[18][20] According to one description, when elixir of life was produced from the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons, Shiva created cannabis from his own body to purify the elixir (whence, for cannabis, the epithet angaj or body-born). Another account suggests that the cannabis plant sprang when a drop of the elixir dropped on the ground. Thus, cannabis is used by sages due to association with elixir and Shiva. Wise drinking of bhang, according to religious rites, is believed to cleanse sins, unite one with Shiva and avoid the miseries of hell in the after-life. In contrast, foolish drinking of bhang without rites is considered a sin.[21]
Researchers claim that in the 5th century BCE Siddhartha ate only hemp seeds for six years, prior to becoming the Buddha. Cannabis continues to play a significant role in the meditation ritual of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism, and has been a practice since 500 BCE when cannabis was regarded as a holy plant.[17][22]
Ancient Hebraic use
According to Aryeh Kaplan, [Kaplan, Aryeh. "The Living Torah" New York 1981. p. 442. ] cannabis was an ingredient of holy anointing oil mentioned in various sacred Hebrew texts. The herb of interest is most commonly known as "kanah-bosem" (קְנֵה-בֹשֶׂם; the singular form of which would be "kanah-bos" [ [http://www.cannabisculture.com/backissues/cc11/christ.html CC11: Cannabis and the Christ: Jesus used Marijuana ] ] ) which is mentioned several times in the Old Testament as a bartering material, incense, and an ingredient in holy anointing oil used by the high priest of the temple.
The Septuagint (300AD) translates "kanah-bosem" as calamus, and this translation has been propagated unchanged to most later translations of the Torah (1500BC+). However, Polish anthropologist Sula Benet published etymological arguments that the Aramaic word for hemp can be read as "kannabos" and appears to be a cognate to the modern word 'cannabis', [ [http://www.njweedman.com/kanehbosm.html kanehbosm ] ] with the root "kan" meaning reed or hemp and "bosm" meaning fragrant. Both cannabis and calamus are fragrant, reedlike plants containing psychotropic compounds. While Benet's conclusion regarding the psychoactive use of cannabis is not universally accepted among Jewish scholars, there is general agreement that cannabis is used in talmudic sources to refer to hemp fibers, as hemp was a vital commodity before linen replaced it. ["Encyclopedia Judaica". Volume 8. p. 323.]
Muslim use
Generally in orthodox Islam, the use of cannabis is deemed to be "khamr" (intoxicant), and therefore "haraam" (forbidden). As with most orthodoxies, early practices differ in this.Fact|date=February 2007 Some say that, as hashish was introduced in post-Koranic times, the prohibition of khamr (literally, "fermented grape" but generally understood to mean anything that clouds consciousness) did not apply to it.Fact|date=February 2007 Others point to various "hadith", which equate all intoxicants with "khamr", and declare them all "haraam", "if much intoxicates, then even a little is haraam".Fact|date=February 2007 Because some Muslims have attributed the cannabis state of consciousness with higher states of awareness, whether its effects are even considered intoxicating is controversial. Before the demonization in the West (e.g. United States) cannabis was generally never looked down upon.
Although cannabis use in Islamic society has been consistently present, often but not exclusively in the lower classes,Fact|date=February 2007 its use explicitly for spiritual purposes is most noted among the Sufi. An account of the origin of this:
According to one Arab legend, Haydar, the Persian founder of the religious order of Sufi, came across the cannabis plant while wandering in the Persian mountains. Usually a reserved and silent man, when he returned to his monastery after eating some cannabis leaves, his disciples were amazed at how talkative and animated (full of spirit) he seemed. After cajoling Haydar into telling them what he had done to make him feel so happy, his disciples went out into the mountains and tried the cannabis for themselves. So it was, according to the legend, the Sufis came to know the pleasures of hashish. (Taken from the Introduction to "A Comprehensive Guide to Cannabis Literature" by Ernest Abel.)
Sikh use
The Sikh religion developed in the Punjab in Mughal times. The common use of bhang in religious festivals by Hindus carried over into Sikh practice as well. Sikhs were required to observe Dasehra with bhang, in commemoration of the founder of the Sikh religion, Guru Nanak. [ [http://www.ukcia.org/research/abel/6.htm Marijuana - The First Twelve Thousand Years - 6 ] ]
The Indian Hemp Drugs Commission Report describes the traditional use of cannabis in the Sikh religion.
Shintoism
Shintoism is the native religion of Japan. It is one of the oldest religions in the world, having started in around 600 BCE and has been a part of Japan almost as long as people have been there. Shintoism started as a mixture of shamanism, fertility cults, divination techniques, hero worship, and nature worship. Because of its great age though and lack of a single founder, there is little evidence as to how and why exactly it started. Hemp has an important function in the mythology of Shinto, the "Way of the Gods", as the ancient indigenous religion of Japan is known. Hemp was used to purify, to drive out evil (exorcism). Hemp seeds were used in Shinto marriage ceremonies. In some ceremonies hemp leaves were burnt as an "invitation to the spirits". (Moore) Even today there are shinto ceremonies at major shrines such as Ise Jingu in Mie prefecture and other shrines that involve the burning of taima (marijuana).
The priests' clothes were made from hemp linen and and bell ropes in shrines were made from hemp too. Hemp for bell ropes is still grown in Nagano prefecture today. Several hemp fields are cultivated on Shikoku (one of the four main islands of Japan) to make ceremonial linen clothes for the Imperial family and for Shinto priests.
Marijuana - The First Twelve Thousand Years
The African Hemp (Dagga) Cults
Perhaps the most interesting anecdote concerning cannabis in Africa relates the way in which the drug transformed the Bashilange from a tribe of feuding miscreants to one dedicated to peace and goodwill. The storyteller is a German explorer, Herman von Wissman.
The Bashilange were originally a very warlike people, Wissman tells us:
One tribe with another, one village with another, always lived at daggers drawn... The number of scars which some ancient men display among their tatooings gives evidence of this. Then, about twenty-five years ago [ca. 1850]... a hemp-smoking worship began to be established, and the narcotic effect of smoking masses of hemp made itself felt. The Ben-Riamba, "Sons of Hemp", found more and more followers; they began to have intercourse with each other as they became less barbarous and made laws.
The transition from feud to friendship was only one of the changes initiated by the hemp cult. An entire religion came into being based onriamba, the Bashilange word for cannabis, which became the symbol of peace, camaraderie, magic, and protection. Tribesmen were no longer permitted to carry weapons in their villages, they called each other friend, and they greeted one another with the word moyo, meaning "life" and "health". Although formerly cannibals, they abjured their previous custom of eating the bodies of their captured enemies.
For their religious ceremonies, which occurred nightly, the men stripped naked and shaved their heads. Then they sat in a large circle and smoked cannabis from large pipes. Those who did not take part in the communal smoke-in were charged with beating drums, blowing ivory trumpets, and chanting. In addition to these nightly get-togethers, cannabis was smoked on all important holidays and at the conclusion of all alliances.
Although widely used by the men, Bashilange women were rarely allowed to smoke cannabis. The prohibition was a matter of tribal policy and reflected the position of the female in Bashilange society. It was she who was required to perform all the routine jobs in the village and her busy schedule allowed her no time for idleness, especially of the kind endengered by dagga.
Following the adoption of the cannabis cult, the Bashilange also began to believe in reincarnation. The appearance of von Wissman in their village was in fact greeted as proof that the dead could return. This white man, they believed, was the reincarnation of their dead chief Kassongo. The German, the people said, had lost his black skin in the big water. When the joyful reconciliation ended, the natives brought von Wissman his old "wife", informing him that his other wives and his former property would be returned to him as well. Unfortunately, von Wissman did not record his reaction to his new matrimonial status.
Cannabis also assumed a special importance in Bashilange jurisprudence. Any native accused of a crime was required to smoke dagga until he either admitted his crime or lost consciousness. In cases of theft, the robber had to pay a fine, consisting of salt, to each person who witnessed his smoking. The crime of adultery required that the guilty male smoke dagga as well. However there was no fine. The amount of dagga to be smoked depended on the status of the man who had been cuckolded. If the latter were important, the guilty man had to smoke until he lost consciousness. He would then be stripped, pepper would be dropped into his eyes and/or a thin ribbon would be drawn through his nasal bone. More serious crimes were accompanies by additional punishments.
Not all the Bashilange were favorably disposed toward the new cult. For one thing, many Bashilange began to take advantage of the leniency of the new laws. Before the cult, the seduction of a woman carried a heavy fine, and inability to pay the fine usually resulted in bloodshed. The new law of the bene riamba forbade the payment of any such fines, much to the annoyance of many disgruntled fathers.
The Bashilange nobility was also upset by the new changes. Hitherto, high-status tribesmen were permitted to wear cotton garments. The new laws of brotherhood did away with such class distinctions. Now anyone who could afford them could wear such clothes.
The Bashilange also suffered a great loss of wealth after the adoption of the cult. Previously, neighboring tribes that were vassals of the Bashilange had paid them tribute. Now that their former masters had renounced the spear for the dagga pipe, these vassals refused to continue paying tribute, and without going to war the Bashilange had no way to enforce their demands.
All these problems came to a head around 1876 when a serious rebellion against the chief broke out. The chief, his brother, and his sister were accused of having killed a man by sorcery. It was a trumped-up charge, but the accused had to smoke dagga until they became unconscious. When finally they fell to the ground, they were attacked and stabbed by their enemies. Had it not been for the intervention of some of the other villagers, they would have been killed. Having failed in their attempt to assassinate the royal family, the leaders of the rebellion deserted the village, but they soon returned to their homes and were never punished for their crime.
The end was near at hand, however, and it was not long before the anticannabis forces mustered enough support to overthrow the riamba cult. The tribe returned to many of its old customs, but many of the changes initiated as a consequence of the adoption of the cult remained. The Bashilange ceased their warlike activities against their neighbors, much of the legal system was preserved so that harsh penalties were rarely applied, and cannabis still remained an integral part of their daily lives.
Another African hemp cult about which very little is known was located in the Sudan. The founding of the cult was attributed to a mysterious woman named Sirdar. Its purpose is not well known, but it appears that the participants shared feelings of opposition to the local chiefs in the area.
Directly under Sirdar were two lieutenants known as her mudirs. These officers had their own subordinates who supervised yet another group further down the hierarchy. The lowest level of the echelon was charged with establishing cliques to promote the smoking of dagga throughout the district. Sirdar's organization and her message, whatever it was, was apparently a huge success for gifts regularly poured into her camp from locales as far as two or three days' journey from her headquarters. Yet, like the riamba cult, Sirdar's influence in the Sudan eventually declined and the hemp cult she introduced also disappeared.
Rastafari use
Members of the Rastafari movement use cannabis as a part of their worshiping of God, Bible study and Meditation. The movement was founded in the 1930s and while it is not known when Rastafarians first made cannabis into something sacred it is clear that by the late 1940s Rastafari was associated with cannabis smoking at the Pinnacle community of Leonard Howell. Rastafari see cannabis as a sacramental and deeply beneficial plant that is the Tree of Life mentioned in the Bible. Bob Marley, amongst many others, said, "the herb ganja is the healing of the nations." The use of cannabis, and particularly of large pipes called chalices, is an integral part of what Rastafari call "reasoning sessions" where members join together to discuss life according to the Rasta perspective. They see cannabis as having the capacity to allow the user to penetrate the truth of how things are much more clearly, as if the wool had been pulled from one's eyes. Thus the Rastafari come together to smoke cannabis in order to discuss the truth with each other, reasoning it all out little by little through many sessions. They see the use of this plant as bringing them closer to nature. In these ways Rastafari believe that cannabis brings the user closer to Jah, Haile Selassie I, and pipes of cannabis are always dedicated to His Imperial Majesty before being smoked. While it is not necessary to use cannabis to be a Rastafari, some feel that they must use it regularly as a part of their faith. "The herb is the key to new understanding of the self, the universe, and God. It is the vehicle to cosmic consciousness" according to Rastafari philosophy, [ [http://www.watchman.org/profile/rastapro.htm The Watchman Expositor: Rastafarianism Profile ] ] and is considered to burn the corruption out of the human heart. Rubbing the ashes from smoked cannabis is also considered a healthy practice [Joseph Owens "Dread, The Rastafarians of Jamaica"].
